Driving without due care and attention - from Specialist Motoring Solicitors

Caught Driving without due care?

Even the most careful and experienced of drivers can from time to time suffer a momentary lapse in concentration which affects their driving. If you suffer a lapse in concentration it may be that you find yourself facing a prosecution for driving without due care and attention, otherwise known as careless driving.

You are guilty of the offence if the standard of your driving falls below what would be expected of a “careful and competent driver“.

Examples of the types of driving which may amount to careless driving include:

• Emerging from a side road into the path of another vehicle
• Driving inappropriately close to a vehicle in front
• Hitting a stationary vehicle from behind
• Overtaking on the inside
• Reading a map

What is the sentence for driving without due care and attention?

• Fine of up to £5,000
• 3 – 9 penalty points or discretionary disqualification

What are the defences to driving without due care and attention?

The defences to this offence fall into three categories

1. The incident did not happen
2. It was not me, it is a case of mistaken identity
3. The standard of my driving did not fall below the standard of a “careful and competent driver”

source: http://www.motordefencelawyers.co.uk/motoring-offences/driving-without-due-care/

Careless Driving/Driving Without Due Care And Attention - from Defending Drivers Nationwide

An allegation of careless driving, also known as driving without due care and attention, can only succeed if the prosecution prove that:
 

1. Your driving fell below the standard expected of a competent driver; or
2. That you did not show reasonable consideration for other pedestrians and vehicles on the road.

The definitions above are open to interpretation. As explained by Jeanette Miller in this BBC Breakfast interview from June 2012, under present law, a minor breach of the Highway Code could be perceived by a court to amount to the offence of careless driving or driving without due care. There is no set list of what driving errors or manoeuvres would land you in the dock with a prosecution for a driving without due care offence.

Examples you may find surprising are:
 

• Coming out of a side junction into the path of another vehicle;
• Scraping another car in a car park;
• A minor bump or shunt with another vehicle;
• Using a satellite navigation system or map whilst driving;
• Lighting a cigarette;
• Failing to wear sunglasses in sunny weather; or
• Eating or drinking whilst driving.

Most careless driving cases that we defend will involve our meticulous case preparation. The Magistrates who hear your case will look at all the facts in the case to determine whether or not your driving falls in the two categories above.

Whilst most motoring offences involve numerous technical issues, the strategy involved in defending a careless driving prosecution will most likely involve gathering witness evidence and possibly having an accident reconstruction report prepared to assist in disputing allegations made by the police or witnesses.

 

Fighting the Careless Driving Allegation 

Our specialist team of lawyers will review the strength of the prosecution’s case against you before advising you of the merits of your case. We find that whilst the police may have gathered numerous witness statements to support the allegation against you, when scrutinised, the evidence may well contain inconsistencies and leave the Crown’s case wide open to attack.

For example, we were recently involved in defending a driver who was accused of careless driving after being involved in a serious motorway pile up. There were 6 witness statements relied upon by the Crown but when we examined them closely, we were able to establish that not one of the witnesses had seen the collision but they all made claims of hearing the collision and the evidence was made up of assumptions and inadmissible hearsay evidence. When we pointed this out to the Crown, the case was dropped before it even got underway.

 

Pleading Guilty

The penalties for careless driving range from a relatively minor 3 penalty points but can be as much as 9 points so if you are contemplating pleading guilty to the offence of careless driving it is important to have a specialist representative to ensure that the Court imposes the lowest penalty possible especially if you are at risk of disqualification. Take a look at the Penalty PDF for more detailed information about the leval of penalty you may face.

source: http://www.motoroffence.co.uk/services/careless-driving
 

from Motor Lawyers: Careless Driving / Driving Without Due Care and Attention

Careless Driving / Driving Without Due Care and Attention Commonly referred to as careless driving, driving without due care and attention is legally defined as: "allowing your standard of driving to fall below that of a prudent motorist". This offence is often used as a "catch all" by the prosecution and carries 3–9 penalty points or a discretionary disqualification. Many clients are no longer supported by their insurance companies who often view the defence of such Summonses as throwing good money after bad, without even referring to the policyholder. Our record of successful defences demonstrates that, if handled properly, an acquittal can be obtained. This is of particular importance if the offence arises from a road traffic accident. A conviction will make it much more difficult to succeed in a civil action for damages, whereas an acquittal will obviously put you in prime a position. We can advise for a fixed fee, and if you wish to defend the matter, we can instruct a Barrister to represent you, again on a fixed fee basis. Whilst we do not recommend that cases are fought on the basis of principle, if we believe that we can save you a fine and penalty points, we will do so. If the case is successfully defended, we can often recover all or part of the fee and will always refund you accordingly. We strongly recommend that you seek our professional advice if you have received a Summons pursuant to Section 3 of the Road Traffic Act. If your insurance company have declined to assist, there is even more reason to get an expert opinion. We may even be able to convince the insurers to fund the case for you.

Frequently Asked Questions What is the maximum penalty for careless driving? 9 penalty points or an instant driving ban. If a ban is imposed, the Court will not endorse your licence with points. Additionally, conviction will lead to a means tested fine that is typically £200–£800 but subject to a theoretical maximum of £5,000. In extreme cases, community service/curfew orders can be imposed. I am a new driver, are there any further issues that affect me? Yes. As your licence will be revoked if you reach 6 points for any offence committed within the first 2 years of holding a full licence, a conviction of careless driving could result in immediate revocation of your driving licence. This issue must be addressed, even if you plead guilty by letter, as 6 points would mean having to apply for a new provisional licence and passing both theory and practical tests again. What is a prudent motorist? There is no legal definition of a prudent motorist so this is for the Court to decide, taking into account the exact circumstances of the actual offence. As a general rule, if a driver accepts that he has done anything wrong, the Court can conclude that the standard of motoring fell below that of a prudent motorist. If an accident has occurred, the party responsible would often be convicted of driving without due care. I was involved in an accident for which I accept I was partially to blame. Am I guilty of driving without due care and if so, how can I obtain the minimum punishment? If you concede that you are at least partially to blame for an incident, it follows that you will be convicted and in those circumstances the punishment will be reduced if you plead guilty at the first opportunity. A letter of mitigation will still allow you to explain why you deserve a punishment to the lower end of the scale so it is important that any letter produced to the Court deals with those issues clearly. If you need a letter prepared for you, please use our Letter of Mitigation Service. I was involved in an accident but the other driver was just as much to blame as I was. Only I am being prosecuted. Why is that? It is at the discretion of the Police whether they bring charges against any individual. Having elected to summons you, they will be relying on the co–operation of the other driver to secure a conviction. For this reason, no action is taken against the other party, regardless of your views on liability. Is there any way that I can avoid penalty points? Some Police forces will offer a "driver improvement scheme" instead of issuing a Summons. If you agree to sign up to the scheme and attend a seminar, no further action will be taken, which means you would not receive penalty points. The option to offer the scheme is at the discretion of the Police. I have been summonsed for driving without due care, and I want to dispute the allegation. Can I represent myself at Court? Although there is no reason why you should not be able to represent yourself, it does make sense to seek guidance, and in the majority of cases, the cost of representation on the day is money well spent. Bear in mind that at the hearing, you will, in addition to putting forward your own version, you will have to cross–examine any prosecution witnesses, which may well include Police Officers. More often than not, this process is best left to the experts. Likewise, if you are acquitted you are entitled to recover your costs. source: http://www.motorlawyers.co.uk/offences/careless_driving.htm

Driving without due care and attention

Driving without due care and attention is an offence in accordance with Section 3 of the Road Traffic Act 1988.

The description of the offence according to the legislation is that a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place.

In order for you to be convicted of this offence, the Prosecution have to prove beyond reasonable doubt that you were the person driving a motor vehicle and that at the time of the alleged offence you were driving on a public road or other public place. (Bear in mind a public place is described as anything to which the public have unrestricted access for example a supermarket car park) without due care and attention or without reasonable consideration for other road users.

The main question must be what amounts to what driving due care and attention. There is no statutory description and what this phrase means. Each case is decided on its individual facts. The general principal is that the Prosecutor must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the Defendant was not exercising that degree of care and attention that a reasonable and prudent driver would exercise in the circumstances.

This is an objective test. That means that in each individual case the Court must assess whether or not in the circumstances you drove in a manner that a reasonable driver would have driven. If the Court reaches the conclusion that, the standard of your driving fell below that of a reasonable driver then you will be convicted.

Distinction from Dangerous Driving

For the Prosecution to prove that your driving was dangerous (in accordance with Section 2 of the Road Traffic Act 1988) the Prosecution must show beyond reasonable doubt that the standard of your driving fell well below that of a reasonable and prudent driver.

In all the circumstances

It is often possible to show that due to the circumstances of a particular incident it is not fair to suggest that the standard of your driving fell below that of a reasonable person. For example if you are pulling out of a junction and a vehicle is travelling along the main road at high speeds (exceeding the speed limit) then it may be possible to suggest that despite the fact the other driver had right of way you should not be blamed for the accident because his or her high speeds were the major cause. You would obviously have to show that you carried out proper observations before pulling out of a junction.

Res ipsa loquitor- The facts speak for themselves

Sometimes people ask us how they can be prosecuted for an offence of driving without due care and attention when there were no witnesses to the incident.

It is possible for the Prosecution to show that purely that due to the fact that an accident took place the driver of the vehicle must be guilty of driving without due care and attention in the absence of any explanation to the contrary. This is a perfectly legitimate course of action by the Prosecution and the Court are entitled to convict unless a Defendant is able to put forward an account that explains why the accident was not caused by a fall in the standard of driving.

Mechanical Defects

Another basis for defending driving without due care and attention is to show that there was a mechanical defect at the time of the alleged offence and this directly impacted on the manner of driving.

If the Defendant raises the issue of mechanical defect at the time when they are first spoken to by the Police in relation to the incident then the Police are duty bound to disprove suggestions that the accident was caused by a mechanical defect.

Arguing a mechanical defect (as long as you raise it as soon as you are talked to by the Police) effectively throws back the hot potato to the Police and the Prosecution to disprove that an incident was caused by a mechanical defect and they have to disprove this beyond reasonable doubt.

Sometimes vehicles are written off and scrapped by the insurance companies without the Police carrying out an inspection in order to ascertain whether or not there was a mechanical defect and this means that in most cases the Prosecution cannot continue.

Sentencing

If you are convicted of driving without due care and attention then you face 3 to 9 penalty points on your licence. You will also face the possibility of a fine and Court Costs. The penalty points of driving without due care and attention are 3 to 9. If it is a very serious allegation then the Magistrates can impose a discretionary disqualification under Section 34 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 for whatever period the Court feels is appropriate.

Driver Improvement Course

In some areas of the Country, the Police have discretion to allow a person to complete the Driver Improvement Course as an alternative to prosecution. This avoids the risk of penalty points, fines and Court Costs. If you accept that the standard of your driving did fall below that of a reasonable person then this is a good alternative to Court Proceedings. You have to pay to attend the course but the cost of the course is often less than that which would be imposed by the Court in the form of fines and costs.

source: http://www.driverdefenceservice.co.uk/Driving-without-due-care-and-attention.php

交通规则英文词汇100例

1. 交通规则 traffic regulation 
2. 路标 guide post 
3. 里程碑 milestone 
4. 停车标志 mark car stop 
5. 红绿灯 traffic light 
6. 自动红绿灯 automatic traffic signal light 
7. 红灯 red light 
8. 绿灯 green light 
9. 黄灯 amber light 
10. 交通岗 traffic post 
11. 岗亭 police box 
12. 交通警 traffic police 
13. 打手势 pantomime 
14. 单行线 single line 
15. 双白线 double white lines 
16. 双程线 dual carriage-way 
17. 斑马线 zebra stripes 
18. 划路线机 traffic line marker 
19. 交通干线 artery traffic 
20. 车行道 carriage-way 
21. 辅助车道 lane auxiliary 
22. 双车道 two-way traffic 
23. 自行车通行 cyclists only 
24. 单行道 one way only 
25. 窄路 narrow road 
26. 潮湿路滑 slippery when wet 
27. 陡坡 steep hill 
28. 不平整路 rough road 
29. 弯路 curve road ; bend road 
30. 连续弯路 winding road 
31. 之字路 double bend road 
32. 之字公路 switch back road 
33. 下坡危险 dangerous down grade 
34. 道路交叉点 road junction 
35. 十字路 cross road 
36. 左转 turn left 
37. 右转 turn right 
38. 靠左 keep left 
39. 靠右 keep right 
40. 慢驶 slow 
41. 速度 speed 
42. 超速 excessive speed 
43. 速度限制 speed limit 
44. 恢复速度 resume speed 
45. 禁止通行 no through traffic 
46. 此路不通 blocked 
47. 不准驶入 no entry 
48. 不准超越 keep in line ; no overhead 
49. 不准掉头 no turns 
50. 让车道 passing bay 
51. 回路 loop 
52. 安全岛 safety island 
53. 停车处 parking place 
54. 停私人车 private car park 
55. 只停公用车 public car only 
56. 不准停车 restricted stop 
57. 不准滞留 restricted waiting 
58. 临街停车 parking on-street 
59. 街外停车 parking off-street 
60. 街外卸车 loading off-street 
61. 当心行人 caution pedestrian crossing 
62. 当心牲畜 caution animals 
63. 前面狭桥 narrow bridge ahead 
64. 拱桥 hump bridge 
65. 火车栅 level crossing 
66. 修路 road works 
67. 医院 hospital 
68. 儿童 children 
69. 学校 school 
70. 寂静地带 silent zone 
71. 非寂静地带 silent zone ends 
72. 交通管理 traffic control 
73. 人山人海 crowded conditions 
74. 拥挤的人 jam-packed with people 
75. 交通拥挤 traffic jam 
76. 水泄不通 overwhelm 
77. 顺挤 extrusion direct 
78. 冲挤 extrusion impact 
79. 推挤 shoved 
80. 挨身轻推 nudging 
81. 让路 give way 
82. 粗心行人 careless pedestrian 
83. 犯交通罪 committing traffic offences 
84. 执照被记违章 endorsed on driving license 
85. 危险驾驶 dangerous driving 
86. 粗心驾车 careless driving 
87. 无教员而驾驶 driving without an instructor 
88. 无证驾驶 driving without license 
89. 未经车主同意 without the owner's consent 
90. 无第三方保险 without third-party insurance 
91. 未挂学字牌 driving without a "L" plate 
92. 安全第一 safety first 
93. 轻微碰撞 slight impact 
94. 迎面相撞 head-on collision 
95. 相撞 collided 
96. 连环撞 a chain collision 
97. 撞车 crash 
98. 辗过 run over 
99. 肇事逃跑司机 hit-run driver 
100. 冲上人行道 drive onto the pavement 

source: http://www.hjenglish.com/new/p10523/

英国道路交通法

第1条 鲁莽驾驶导致死亡
　　因在道路上鲁莽驾驶机动车，导致他人死亡，是有罪行为。
　　第2条 鲁莽驾驶
　　在道路上鲁莽驾驶，是有罪行为。
　　第3条 粗心与轻率驾驶
　　在道路上驾驶机动车不多加小心，或不集中精力顾及其他道路使用者，是有罪行为。
　　第4条 饮酒或药物影响下的驾驶或照管机动车
　　（1）在道路上或在其他公共场所正在驾驶或正在试图驾驶机动车者，正处于酒精或药物影响下的不合格驾驶状况，为有罪行为。
　　（2）在不影响第（1）项规定效力情况下，正在道路上或其他公共场所对机动车照管者，正处于酒精或药物影响下的不合格驾驶状态，是有罪行为。
　　（3）按照以上第（2）项规定，若某人证明，由于饮酒或药物影响，在对案件有决定影响的关键时间，境况使得他没有驾驶的可能性，他将不被看作曾经照管过机动车。
　　（4）在判定是否存在第（3）项所提及可能性时，法庭可忽视对人的伤害及对车辆的损伤。
　　（5）本条中，若某人正常驾驶能力正在削弱，则认为他当时是不合格驾驶状态。
　　（6）当警察有理由怀疑某人正在或已经违犯了本条的规定，拘留他可不用拘留证。
　　（7）当按第（6）项被授权拘留某人时，警察可进入（需要时可使用武力）任何被拘留人所在场所或警察有理由怀疑其所在的场所。
　　（8）第（7）项在苏格兰不适用，不管为何目的。第（7）项的任何规定不得影响苏格兰法律中有关警察进入的准许条款的效力。
　　第5条 酒精含量浓度超限状态驾驶或照管机动车
　　（1）当某人在饮入了大量酒精以致其呼吸、血液，尿样中酒精含量超过了规定限度之后，
　　（a）在道路上或其他公共场所驾驶或试图驾驶机动车；
　　（b）在道路上或其他公共场所照管机动车，是有罪行为。
　　（2）在某人被指控违反了第（1）项（b）段规定时，若证明某人当时已涉嫌违反规定，其呼吸、血液、尿液中的酒精含量已超过规定限度，以致已没有驾驶可能性，可作为其辩护理由。
　　（3）法庭在判断是否存在第（2）项所提及可能性时，可忽略对其本人的伤害及对其车辆的损伤。
　　第6条 呼吸测试
　　（1）当着装警察有理由怀疑：
　　（a）在道路上或其他公共场所，正在驾驶或正在试图驾驶或照管机动车者，其机动车正在运转，而其体内含有酒精或他已经违犯了交通规则；
　　（b）某人曾经体内含有酒精在道路上或其他公共场所驾驶或曾试图驾驶或照管机动车，而目前体内仍含有酒精；
　　（c）某人在道路上或其他公共场所曾经体内含有酒精驾驶或试图驾驶或者照管机动车，且机动车行驶时已经违犯了交通法规。
　　按照第9条规定，警察可要求当事人提供一份呼吸抽样，进行呼吸检测。
　　（2）当遇到在道路上或其他公共场所行驶的机动车负有责任的事故时，按本规则第9条规定，警察可要求有理由相信在本事故时间内驾驶或试图驾驶或照管机动车的当事人提供呼吸抽样进行呼吸测试。
　　（3）当某人被接以上第（1）（2）项规定要求提供呼吸抽样时，可以在附近进行。若被按第（2）项规定要求时，提出要求的警察认为合适，也可以在警察指定的警察署进行。
　　（4）当某人没有正当理由不按要求提供呼吸抽样，是有罪行为。
　　（5）在以下情况下警察拘留某人可不用拘留证：
　　（a）某人提供的呼吸抽样检测结果证明其呼吸或血液中的酒精含量超过标准；
　　（b）某人没有按要求提供呼吸抽样供检测，而警察有理由认为其体内含酒精时。
　　但当某人作为病人在医院时，不得按本条规定效力处以拘留。
　　（6）当警察有正当理由怀疑某人涉嫌有伤害他人的事故，按第（2）项规定要求其提供呼吸抽样，或按第（5）项规定要拘留某人时，警察可以进入（必要时可使用武力）任何涉嫌人或被拘留人所在的场所或警察有正当理由怀疑其所在的场所。
　　（7）第（6）项规定在苏格兰不适用，不管为何目的。第（6）项任何规定不得影响苏格兰法律中有关警察的进入的准许条款的效力。
　　（8）本规则中“交通违犯”是指违犯了：
　　（a）《1981年公共乘客车辆法令》第二部分任何条款；
　　（b）《198年道路交通法令》各条款；
　　（c）《1988年道路交通违犯行为法令》第三部分以外各条款；
　　（d）本法令除第五部分外各条款。
　　第7条 供分析的抽样条款
　　（1）在调查某人是否违反第4条、第5条规定时，警察可按照本法令以下各条款及第9条规定，要求某人：
　　（a）提供二份由国务大臣批准的同一类型设
备采集的呼吸抽样，供分析；
　　（b）提供一份血样或尿样化验。
　　（2）按照本节提供呼吸抽样的要求只能在警察署进行。
　　（3）按照本节提供血样或尿样的要求只能在警察署或医院进行，在以下情况下可不在警察署进行：
　　（a）警察提出要求使人有理由相信，因医学的原因不能提供呼吸抽样或不要求提供；
　　（b）当要求被提出时，第（1）项（a）段中所述类型设备不便在警察署使用，或为其他原因不能在那儿使用；
　　（c）被怀疑违犯第4条规定，提出要求的警察被医师建议，被要求提供抽样者条件更符合药品抽样。
　　尽管某人已经被要求提供或已经提供了二份呼吸抽样，某人仍然可被要求做本条所要求的抽样。
　　（4）除做呼吸抽样外，还要做其他种类抽样时，由警察决定是做血样或尿样。但若从业医师建议由于医学原因不必做或不能做血样时，应做尿液抽样。
　　（5）尿样需在要求提供尿样条款正在执行的一小时内提供且必须在提供以前尿样之后。
　　（6）当某人无正当理由没有按照本条要求提供抽样，是有罪行为。
　　（7）警察在要求某人提供抽样时必须提出“他若不提供抽样则会被起诉的警告”的。
　　第8条 呼吸抽样的选取
　　（1）按照第（2）项规定，任何人按第7条规定提供的二种抽样中，着所取呼吸抽样中酒精含量低，则第1种省略。
　　（2）若呼吸抽样中，酒精含量不高于50微克／100毫升时，提供此抽样者将被宣布提供第7条（4）项规定抽样。若再次提供的此类抽样酒精含量低，则不使用其他抽样。
　　（3）国务大臣可依法采用呼吸中酒精含量的另外一种标准代替上述第（2）项所述标准。
　　第9条 保护医院病人
　　（1）当某人作为病人住在医院时，他将不会被要求提供呼吸抽样供呼吸检测，或提供其他抽样供化验，除非其主治医师提出建议时提出了此要求，并且：
　　（a）要求是当时在医院提出的；
　　（b）若从业医师在第（2）项所述场合提出反对时，要求不被采纳。
　　（2）从业医师可能提出反对的场合为：当要求或提供抽样，或在需要抽取血样，尿样的情况下其第7条（7）项规定的警告对病人的看护和治疗不利。
　　第10条 因酒精或药物影响被扣留
　　（1）按以下第（2）（3）项规定，被要求提供呼吸抽样、血样或尿样者随后将被扣留在警察署，直至警察认为他在道路上驾驶或试图驾驶机动车不会违反本法令第4条、第5条的规定时为止。
　　（2）若能使警察相信因其正常驾驶能力减弱或因酒精在呼吸、血液中的含量超过某限度，已没有驾驶或照管机动车的可能，则此人可不按本项规定被扣留。
　　（3）警察须就此请教从业医师，某人是否因药物降低或很可能降低正常驾驶能力，且必须根据医师的建议采取行动。
　　第11条 第4至10条的名词释义
　　（1）本法第4至10条中名词释义如下：
　　“呼吸检测”用国务大臣批准的设备，初步测试一个指数，以检测某人呼吸或血液中的酒精含量是否超出规定限量。
　　“药品”包括酒精以外的任何麻醉品。
　　“没有”包括拒绝。
　　“医院”是指为院内外病人提供医药，提供外科治疗的机构。
　　“规定限量”是指如下要求：
　　（a）100毫升呼吸中含酒精85微克；
　　（b）100毫升血液中含酒精80微克；[Page]
　　（c）100毫升尿液中含酒精107微克；
　　及国务大臣规定的类似值。
　　（2）某人必须为呼吸检测或分析提供呼吸抽样，除非：
　　（a）抽样使呼吸检测有效或使分析完成；
　　（b）用能使检测有效，或分析圆满的方式提供抽样。
　　（3）只有经本人同意，由从业医师抽取的血样才有效。
　　第12条 公共道路上的赛车
　　（1）在公共道路上倡导或参加机动车竞赛或机动车速度实验是有罪行为。
　　（2）本节中“公共道路”在英格兰和威尔士，是指公共高速道路；在苏格兰是指公共道路。
　　第13条 公共道路机动车秩序
　　（1）任何人倡导或参加在公共道路上的与使用机动车有关的比赛或实验（除速度竞赛）是有罪行为。除非比赛或实验：
　　（a）是被批准的；
　　（b）是按照本条规定的强制附加的条件管理的。
　　（2）国务大臣可规定批准或授权批准在公共道路上举行的机动车竞赛或实验（除速度竞赛或实验）：
　　（a）总体；
　　（b）分地区，或分竞赛或实验的级别或种类，或分项。
　　按照诸如交纳费用要求这样的强加条件。
　　（3）本规则应该：
　　（a）制定程序，特别要按规定制定出有
关准许的申请书；
　　（b）按照竞赛或实验的不同级别种类制定不同条款。
　　（4）本条中“公共道路”在英格兰、威尔士是指公共高速公路；在苏格兰是指公共道路。
　　第14条 安全带：成人
　　（1）国务大臣可制定规章，（包括所述例外）要求在道路上驾驶或乘坐机动车须系规定类型的座位安全带。
　　（2）本条规则：
　　（a）根据车辆不同种类，不同人员，不同环境情况制定相应条款；
　　（b）包括例外：
　　（i）从事按户投递（视情况而定），为消费者递送货物或按地址递送邮件的车辆的使用者；
　　（ii）从事包括翻转的特技表演车辆的司机。
　　（iii）持有从业医师鉴署的证明因某种医学原因不能佩带座位安全带的健康证明者。
　　（c）可制定出附有强加条件的特定例

source: http://www.tranbbs.com/lawcollect/overseas/lawcollect_20071217154550_3.shtml

Court interpreters

Interpreters in Criminal Investigations and Proceedings

On 30 January 2012 courts and tribunals across England and Wales started using a new interpreter service through a single agency, Applied Language Solutions.

The National Agreement on Arrangements for the Use of Interpreters below provides clear and detailed guidance for all agencies on the procedures to follow at each stage of the criminal justice process where an interpreter may be required. In view of the new interpreter service a rider document has been produced to update the guidance from 2007.

National Agreement for the Use of Interpreters

National Agreement 2011 rider (PDF 0.04mb)

Interpreters in Civil and Family Proceedings

Deaf and Hearing impaired Litigants

Her Majesty’s Courts & Tribunals Service will meet the reasonable costs of interpreters for deaf and hearing-impaired litigants for hearings in civil and family proceedings.

Many people have a friend or relative who usually interpret for them. If the deaf person wants such a person to interpret for them, they will need to ask for permission from the Judge. The Judge must be satisfied that the friend or relative can exactly interpret what is being said to the court and what the court is saying to the deaf person.

Unless the relative or friend has a recognised qualification in relaying information between deaf and hearing people, it may be better to use a qualified interpreter. The friend or relative may still be able to attend and provide support, but permission should be sought from the Judge first.

If an interpreter is needed, the court will make arrangements for an interpreter to attend.

Foreign language interpreters

Court staff will also arrange for language interpreters needed for civil and family hearings in certain circumstances where cases involve:

• Committal cases
  Her Majesty’s Courts & Tribunals Service has a legal obligation under the Human Rights Act to provide language interpreters. They will ensure that anyone attending a committal case, has the free assistance of an interpreter if he/she cannot understand or speak the language used in court.
• Domestic Violence and cases involving Children
  Because of the sensitivity of these cases, Her Majesty’s Courts & Tribunals Service will provide an interpreter if required. This is irrespective of whether solicitors are involved or public funding is available.
• Non-committal cases
  Her Majesty’s Courts & Tribunals Service will provide an interpreter if that is the only way that a litigant can take part in a hearing. The relevant circumstances are:
  Where the person:
  1. Cannot speak or understand the language of the court well enough to take part in the hearing
  2. Cannot get public funding.
  3. Cannot afford to privately fund an interpreter, and has no family member, or friend, who can attend to interpret for them and who is acceptable to the court.

If the case is publicly funded, Community Legal Service funding may be available. If the case is privately funded parties have to supply their own interpreters.

All Courts
For foreign language interpreters in any court proceedings HMCTS arranges and pays for interpreters in accordance with a standard set of terms and conditions.

Terms and Conditions

Source:
http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/interpreter-guidance